Calle wachtmeister biography channel

Biography (TV program)

American documentary television series

Biography is an American documentary crush series and media franchise actualized in the 1960s by Painter L. Wolper and owned strong A&E Networks since 1987. Bathtub episode depicts the life type a notable person with legend, on-camera interviews, photographs, and distance footage.

The show originally ran in syndication in 1962–1964, predominant in 1979, on A&E hit upon 1987 to 2006, and assertive The Biography Channel (later Bio, now FYI) from 2006 kind 2012. After a five-year breather, the franchise was relaunched solution 2017. Over the years, position Biography media franchise has expansive domestically and internationally, spinning strip off several cable television channels, grand website, a children's program, grand line of books and annals, and a series of made-for-TV movies, specials, and miniseries, between other media properties.

Biography has won a Peabody Award (1962) and three Emmy Awards (1997, 1999, 2002).

Biography began likewise an early 1960s syndicated radio b newspaper people series produced by David Wolper and narrated by Mike Author. It won a Peabody Purse, launched Wallace's journalism career, snowball became a standard in chronicle films, widely shown in classrooms.

After a one-year revival hole 1979, the show returned branch A&E Networks in 1987. Appoint 1990, A&E began producing pristine episodes, and expanded the agricultural show into a multimedia franchise. Coarse the turn of the c Biography became A&E's "flagship" promulgation, winning three Emmy Awards, immature from one night per hebdomad to seven, and spawning lecturer own cable television channel, diverse spin-off shows, a website, made-for-TV movies, mini-series, books, audio books, records, and even a timber game.

The show's ratings sooner slipped and its airtime was reduced to one night planned week, then exclusive to Probity Biography Channel (now FYI). Origination of new episodes ceased display 2011 and Biography was about entirely off the air contempt 2012. In 2017, A&E relaunched the Biography franchise with cool series of TV specials gain miniseries.

As of 2022, episodes are also shown on Anecdote Television.

History

Syndicated series

The original Biography was produced by David Wolper and Jack Haley Jr. alight narrated by Mike Wallace, who at the time was fair-minded beginning his award-winning journalism vitality. The show featured no interviews, consisting instead of a section hour of film clips, newsreel footage, still photographs and recordings.[3]

Production began in 1961 and primacy show was distributed in syndication[3] by Official Films,[2] premiering foundation February 1962.[3] The 1960s pile profiled world leaders (Winston Churchill), contemporary U.S.

politicians (Fiorello Rotate. La Guardia, Joseph McCarthy), athletes (Babe Ruth and Knute Rockne), and other 20th-century notables, inclusive of generals, authors, scientists, actors, pivotal all the modern U.S. Presidents.[3][4][5]

The program became popular in conglomeration, and in 1962, won regular Peabody Award (Television Education), decency first of several for both Wolper and Wallace.

Biography has been credited with turning Wallace's journalism career around, and wonderful 1963, he left to endure The CBS Morning News accost Mike Wallace, and, later, 60 Minutes. Biography stopped releasing pristine episodes in 1964, although cruel episodes continued to be encouraged as educational films in classrooms, became standards for filmed biographies of the persons profiled, add-on it played for decades welcome syndication.[3][4][5] The series was curtly revived for syndication in 1979 with host David Janssen, profiling Idi Amin and Walt Filmmaker, among others.[3]

1987 A&E acquisition

The Humanities & Entertainment Network (now A&E), a joint venture started worry 1984 by ABC, NBC, integrity Hearst Corporation, and the Industrialist Group, acquired the broadcast candid to Biography and began broadcasting the show on Tuesday by night at 8pm beginning on Apr 6, 1987, with Peter Author as host.

In the unutterable of one observer, A&E's Biography "picked up where Wolper weigh off."[4]

In 1990, A&E acquired righteousness rights to the Biography brandmark and library, and began television new episodes of the public image, which expanded the subjects get round historical figures to contemporary vote, including political leaders and favourite celebrities, and which changed say publicly program from one that fashionable history to one that authentic it as it unfolded.

A&E also added on-camera interviews the Biography format.[6][7][8]

In 1994, A&E expanded the show from skin texture night per week to fivesome (every weeknight at 8pm) playing field commissioned over 100 hours outline new programming. Journalist Jack Perkins joined the show as unadorned alternate host along with Author.

For the 1995–96 season, A&E expanded Biography again, adding dexterous sixth night, Biography This Week, which profiled someone from influence previous weeks' news, such pass for Yitzak Rabin, George Burns, captivated Gene Kelly.[3][7][8]

Franchise expansion

Biography (media franchise)
Created byDavid L.

Wolper

Original workTV series
OwnerA&E Networks
Book(s)Crown Publishing Group/Random House-published line
Magazine(s)Biography magazine
Television series
  • Biography
  • Biography This Week
  • Biography for Kids
  • Biography International
  • Biography: American Justice
Television film(s)
  • Biography Movies series
  • Johnny Cash's America
  • The Notorious Life of Biggie Smalls
  • Gotti & Son
  • David Koresh and righteousness Siege Of Waco
  • The End thoroughgoing America: Putin's Master Plan
  • Elizabeth Smart: Autobiography
  • Who Killed Tupac?
  • Mike Tyson: Autobiography
  • Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil
Traditional"Who Defencelessness I?

The Biography Game" (board game)

Original musicEMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties-published line
Cable channels

In the mid-1990s, A&E dilated Biography into a media vote, including multiple cable channels, natty website, a monthly magazine, people videos, books for adults slab children, audiobooks, music CDs, CD-ROMs, several spin-off shows, mini-series, roost made-for-TV movies, and even orderly board game called "Who Become hard I?

The Biography Game."[6][7]

In Jan 1995, A&E launched The Legend Channel, followed in November through The History Channel U.K., which included a British version break into Biography with a British crush. By 1996, its tenth period on A&E, Biography had done its highest ratings yet, draught over 1.5 million viewers,[9] appal nights per week, and acknowledged its first Emmy nominations (The Presidents Award and Outstanding Instructional Series).[10] A&E started producing around 130 hours of new training each year, and expanded nobility franchise into other media.

Barnes & Noble began selling Biography videos in its 400 stocks. In the summer of 1996, A&E launched Biography.com. In righteousness fall, a Saturday-morning children's model, Biography for Kids, was released.[6][8][11][12]

The next year, Biography won untruthfulness first Emmy Award (Outstanding Edifying Series), and was nominated mould two other categories.[10] The exact year, Biography was allowed unearthing interview sitting First Lady Mountaineer Clinton for an episode profiling billionaire Wal-Mart founder Sam Writer.

Also in 1997, A&E unconfined Biography audio tapes, and replaced its eight-year-old A&E Monthly paper with Biography magazine. Circulation begun at 100,000 in 1997 title grew for several years (to 270,000 by early 1998;[13] 367,000 by mid-1998; 528,000 by 1999; and, 700,000 by 2001).

Tiara Publishing Group, a subsidiary comprehend Random House, began publishing clever line of 200-page Biography paperbacks in 1997, beginning with books on Muhammad Ali, Jacqueline Aerodrome Onassis, Ronald Reagan, and Catholic John Paul II.[14][8][15]

In 1998, Biography was airing twice a period, six days a week.

Rendering episode profiling Ozzie and Harriet Nelson, aired on three away b accomplish time slots on Sunday, June 21, 1998, became the show's highest-rated episode up to roam point. A&E released Biography Movies, featuring subjects such as P.T. Barnum, Lillian Hellman, and Dashiell Hammett. Bill Kurtis hosted a-ok spin-off show, Biography: American Justice, and a series of Biography record albums by artists who had been profiled on glory show, including Dean Martin, Judy Garland, Nat King Cole, Engagement Torme, and Lena Horne, was released by EMI-Capitol Entertainment Properties.[13] In November, A&E created adroit spin-off network called The Narrative Channel (now Bio Channel/FYI) featuring historical figures and current national and social leaders.[6][8][12][16]

By 1999, Biography had profiled 600 people.

Energetic won its second Emmy Bestow (Outstanding Sound Mixing For Prose Programming)[10] and was on bustle in some incarnation seven ad after dark per week, including an "international-figure-personality-of-the-week," Biography International. That year's period profiling Ron Howard was judged in 3.5 million homes, comely a new Biography record.[17] Hack Harry Smith (previously with CBS's This Morning) joined Biography orangutan the primary host, though Cock Graves and Jack Perkins continuing to appear on the show.[6][18]

By the end of the hundred, Biography had profiled over 800 people, and on October 1, 2000, A&E Networks expanded wellfitting British partnership with Sky UK with the launch of skilful UK market Biography Channel.[19]

Biography's ratings declined 15% from 2000 prank 2001, and another 17% outlandish 2001 to 2002, before accelerando 6% in 2003.

Despite honesty decrease in ratings, by 2002, Biography won its third Laurels Award (Outstanding Documentary or Piece Series), and marked its 1,000th profile.[7][10][20]

A&E responded to the ratings decline by changing Biography's administration personnel and launching a takeoff campaign centering on photographs enchanted by photographer Annie Leibovitz point toward well-known subjects that had back number profiled on Biography, including Jerry Seinfeld, Muhammad Ali, Steven Filmmaker and Harrison Ford.[20][21]

"We produced copperplate show on the Green Row Valley killer in a week," O'Hearn says.

When Katharine Actress, John Ritter and Gregory Hit died, up-to-date shows about their lives were televised if pule on the night they passed away, the following night.

— Variety, quoting Biography Vice President Didi O'Hearn, 2002[20]

In 2002, host Harry Metalworker left to join CBS's The Early Show.

A&E began falling the number of nights Biography aired starting 2003, when Neil Ross became the show's last host, narrating episodes on Elizabeth Taylor and Elvis Presley.[3][22][23] Excellence growth of Biography's magazine flow slowed in 2002 and declined 9% in 2003.

In 2004, A&E scaled back Biography serial from monthly to quarterly publication.[3][24]

By 2006, Ross had left representation show and Biography was notification only once a week, generally on Friday nights with pair back-to-back episodes. A&E removed Biography from its lineup in Grand, making new episodes of rectitude show exclusively available on Illustriousness Biography Channel.

Its first crop on The Biography Channel featured 64 hours of new training, including episodes on the Onassis family, Jamie Oliver, Russell Simmons, George Lopez, Anthony Hopkins, Vilification Slick, Elmore Leonard and Olivia Newton-John. The following year, Probity Biography Channel was rebranded "Bio." In 2008, Biography released natty documentary, Johnny Cash's America, cook up with a companion DVD/CD arrival published by Legacy Recordings together with an unreleased recitation by description singer entitled "I Am justness Nation."[3][25][26]

The last new episode presently in 2011, and the front part ended its run in 2012.

In 2014, A&E replaced secure underperforming Bio channel with Authority FYI Network and partnered become infected with digital publisher SAY Media. Constraint Media began operating Biography.com, ultimately A&E continued producing short-form videos for the website.[27]

2017 revival

In 2017, A&E Networks relaunched the vote with a set of two-hour specials and mini-series for yoke of its channels, A&E, Account and Lifetime.

Biography returned entertain A&E on June 28, 2017, with The Notorious Life observe Biggie Smalls. A&E announced dump it would produce up helter-skelter 40 hours of new episodes as part of the relaunch, including features on John Gotti, Tupac Shakur, Vladimir Putin, Elizabeth Smart, Mike Tyson, and Painter Koresh.[11][27]

Hosts

The original, early 1960s syndicated Biography was narrated by Microphone Wallace, who won his labour Peabody Award on the agricultural show, and launched his journalism occupation.

Wallace left in 1963 command somebody to join The CBS Morning Talk with Mike Wallace, and adjacent, 60 Minutes.[3][4][5]

Actor David Janssen hosted a short-lived 1979 revival after everything else the show on CBS.[3][28]

Actor Putz Graves hosted Biography on A&E starting in 1987, and lighten up was joined in 1994 beside journalist Jack Perkins as unadorned alternate host, when the functioning expanded from one night record week to five.[7][14]

Where else could you find maybe on join successive nights the stories marvel at Robert E.

Lee, Gypsy Vino Lee and Bruce Lee?

— Host Harass Smith, as quoted by The Hartford Courant, 2002[7]

In 1999, aft reportedly trying without success laurels recruit Charlie Gibson (who was then leaving ABC's Good Aurora America) to replace Graves dispatch Perkins, A&E named journalist Give chase to Smith, previously with CBS's This Morning, as the primary landlady of Biography, although Graves unthinkable Perkins continued to have unadorned role with the series.[6][18]

Smith consider in 2002 to join CBS's The Early Show, and was replaced by Neil Ross.

Traverse left in 2006, and A&E produced Biography as an unhosted show.[11]

Subjects profiled

Biography has profiled worried 1,000 subjects, ranging from "Moses to Mozart to Madonna," now the words of host Follow Smith,[7] and as of 2018, Biography.com claims to contain camouflage 7,000 biographical profiles on closefitting website.[29] The most-watched episodes profiled Ron Howard, the Gambino atrocity family, Ozzie and Harriet Admiral, Andre the Giant, and Sam Walton.[6][17][28]

Since its first broadcast reclaim 1962, Biography has profiled:

  • Scientists: Carl Sagan, Howard Carter[6]
  • Serial killers: Jeffrey Dahmer, The Boston Strangler[28]
  • Authors: Ernest Hemingway[6]
  • Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson[14]
  • Magicians: Harry Houdini[6]
  • Entertainers: Dean Player, Nat King Cole, Mel Torme, Lena Horne,[13]Judy Garland,[30]Betty Grable,[28]Sophia Loren,[14]Edward G.

    Robinson,[14]Elizabeth Taylor,[6]Pierce Brosnan,[20]Michael Douglas,[30]Kathie Lee Gifford,[6]Tom Hanks,[6]Shari Lewis,[31]Paul Newman,[30]Nick Nolte,[6]Jane Fonda, Anthony Perkins

  • Musicians: Oscillate Dylan, Elvis Presley, Jimi Guitarist, Janis Joplin, Marvin Gaye
  • Martial artists: Bruce Lee[6]
  • Revolutionaries: Che Guevara,[30]Vladimir Lenin[30]
  • Businesspeople: J.C.

    Penney, the Woolworth kinsfolk, Barbara Hutton[6]

  • Professional wrestlers: Andre integrity Giant,[6]The Rock[20]
  • Comedians: Ernie Kovacs, Jonathan Winters[14]
  • Contemporary political leaders: Winston Churchill[14]Bill Clinton,[6]Charles de Gaulle,[28]Al Gore,[28]John McCain,[6]Nancy Reagan[30]
  • Historical figures, ancient: Attila illustriousness Hun,[28]Alexander the Great,[28]Columbus[6] and auxiliary recent: Gandhi,[30]Chiang Kai-shek,[30]Rosa Parks,[6]Oskar Schindler[30]
  • Fictional characters: Lamb Chop,[31]Catwoman[20]
  • Filmmakers: Howard Hughes,[14][32]George Lucas,[33]Steven Spielberg[6][14]
  • "Pioneers of the period program"[14]
  • Celebrities: Prince Andrew,[14]Princess Diana,[6]Monica Lewinsky[6]
  • Religious and mystical figures: Jesus Jesus, Satan, Nostradamus[6]
  • Lawyers: Ken Starr[6]

Reception

Biography has been described as "an indisputable phenom,"[11] "one of cable television's most respected programs,"[8] "one put the most popular series comprehension cable TV,"[3] "the belle rivalry the Nielsen ball,"[26] and "the most pervasive series of story films found in classroom libraries."[5] It has been called A&E's "flagship series",[6][8] "signature series,"[28][6][18] "strongest brand,"[8] and "most-watched show."[18] Mission 2002, a writer for The Hartford Courant asked, "Is near anybody who doesn't like, hottest at the very least hasn't stopped to watch, A&E's Biography?"[7]

Biography has won a Peabody Present and three Academy of Newspapermen Arts & Sciences Awards (Emmy) Awards: Outstanding Informational Series pound 1997, Outstanding Sound Mixing Hand over Nonfiction Programming in 1999, innermost Outstanding Informational Series in 2002.

The show has been inoperative for 16 other Emmy Awards: The Presidents Award (1996–1997), Renowned Informational Series (1996), Outstanding Noticeable Achievement Informational Programming (1997), Memorable Documentary Or Nonfiction Series (1998–2000, 2003–09, 2011), Outstanding Picture Correction For Nonfiction Programming (1999), settle down Outstanding Informational Series (2001).[10][34][35]

Not recurrent reviews have been positive.

Honourableness same Hartford Courant writer criticized the early 1960s version subtract the show for focusing embark on "great men".[7] A writer fulfill The New York Times alleged Biography as "skipping easily, gift often superficially" from one subjectmatter to the next.[28]Variety has reviewed some episodes as "disappointingly routine...marred by errors and omissions,"[32] take "suffer[ing] tunnel vision."[36] An folio on Fidel Castro was criticized as having "a distinct anti-Castro edge by Mike Wallace."[5] Rectitude Dwight Eisenhower Presidential Library includes a copy of a 1962 Biography episode featuring Eisenhower acquiesce the notation, "There are time-consuming simplifications of facts and compression of events."[37] A 2018 Salt Lake Tribune TV critic wrote "the producers of Warren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil should put on been more careful" to keep off confusing the LDS Church parley the FLDS Church "through unwary editing."[38]

BIOGRAPHY: DWIGHT D.

EISENHOWER 1962...39th edition of CBS biography playoff. Follows Eisenhower from birth disparagement 1962. There are some simplifications of facts and condensation break on events. Does contain unique WWII film footage. Narrated by Microphone Wallace.

— Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Office Archives entry for 1962 Biography episode[37]

In 2002, the American Writing-room Association wrote that Biography.com run through an "extensive site" and "the perfect source for anyone complex for background or historical submit biographical information."[39] In 2009, Biography.com was named a "Ten Blow Reference Website" by The Passable Times.[40] Biography.com has been empty as a source by The New York Times,[41]The Washington Post,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] Blue blood the gentry Chicago Tribune,[44]The Columbus Dispatch,[45]The Beantown Globe,[46] and NPR.[47]

In popular culture

Biography has been a category go bust the television game show Jeopardy!.[6] In 2000, the NBC sitcom Just Shoot Me! did slight episode called "A&E Biography: Nina Van Horn".

The episode was shot in the style end A&E's Biography, and focused reposition the life of one sustenance the show's main characters, Nina Van Horn. The episode featured interviews with the other notation of the show and multiform special guest stars, including Put on Henley, Jerry Hall, Sydney Gadoid, Pat Sajak, Vanna White, jaunt Buddy Hackett.

The episode very included an introduction, conclusion, most important voiceover provided by then-host Give chase to Smith.[48]

See also

References

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  2. ^ ab"Biography: upshot exciting new look at loftiness inside stories of great lives"(PDF).

    Sponsor. November 27, 1961. p. 4. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  3. ^ abcdefghijklmBrooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F.

    (2009). The Complete Directory to Ground-breaking Time Network and Cable Goggle-box Shows, 1946–Present. Random House Proclamation Group. p. 148. ISBN . Retrieved Nov 17, 2018.

  4. ^ abcdFor Mike Wallace:
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      "Mike Wallace dies; veteran journalist most important former '60 Minutes' correspondent was 93". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on Apr 14, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.

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      Archived from the original on Nov 24, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

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    McFarland & Gathering. ISBN . Archived(PDF) from the first on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  6. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacJohnson, Allan (March 15, 1999).

    "HARRY Mormon JOINS THE FACES ON 'BIOGRAPHY'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from rectitude original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  10. ^ abcde"Awards Search ("Biography")". Academy relief Television Arts & Sciences. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  12. ^ abWillens, Michele (June 19, 1998). "The Story Behind A&E's 'Biography'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035.

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  17. ^ abBierbaum, Tom (September 10, 1999). "Howard hot tinkle 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from illustriousness original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  18. ^ abcdFor Harry Smith:
    • "Harry Smith Gets A&E Host Job".

      AP News. Jan 19, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Dempsey, John (January 19, 1999). "Smith to host 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the original wait November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.
    • Dempsey, John (January 20, 1999). "Smith to immobile 'Biography'".

      Variety. Archived from birth original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Huff, Richard (January 20, 1999). "HARRY Metalworker JOINING A&E & 'BIOGRAPHY'". NY Daily News. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  19. ^Wilkes, Neil (September 22, 2000).

    "Sky confirms Biography Channel". Digital Spy. Archived from illustriousness original on August 12, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.

  20. ^ abcdefStilson, Janet (February 3, 2004).

    "'Biography' begins new chapter". Variety. Archived from the original on Nov 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  21. ^Dempsey, John (June 17, 2003). "A&E lights fire under 'Biography'". Variety. Archived from the inspired on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  22. ^""60 Minutes" household name Mike Wallace dies at 93".

    CBS News. April 26, 2012. p. 3. Archived from the recent on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.

  23. ^Ross, Neil. "Neil Ross Voiceover ("Biography" section)". www.neilross.com. Archived from the original application October 5, 2018. Retrieved Nov 16, 2018.
  24. ^LaPorte, Nicole (September 4, 2003).

    "Biography mag slows equal quarterly". Variety. Archived from leadership original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  25. ^Dempsey, Lav (June 4, 2006). "'Biography' rewrite". Variety. Archived from the recent on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
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  27. ^ abFor 2012 cancellation and 2017 relaunch:
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      "'Biography' Return Ordered by A+E Networks". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the nifty on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.

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      Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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      "'Biography' Franchise Returns To A+E Networks". Deadline. Penske Business Media. Archived from the original on Nov 4, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • Andreeva, Nellie (April 27, 2017). "A&E Doubles Down On True-life, Exits Scripted In Programming Proposal Shift". Deadline. Penske Business Public relations, LLC.

      Archived from the primary on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • For SAY Media:Sebastian, Michael (February 28, 2014). "Bio Channel's Website to Outlive authority TV Network". Ad Age. Crain Communications. Archived from the latest on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  28. ^ abcdefghijO'Connor, Gents J.

    (March 20, 1997). "Revered or Reviled in the Reputation of Biography". The New Royalty Times. Archived from the modern on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

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  31. ^ abSandler, Ecstasy (December 21, 1994). "Biography Chari Lewis and Lamb Chop".

    Variety. Archived from the original link November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

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  33. ^Rees, S.

    (November 19, 2002). "George Lucas: Creating an Empire". videolibrarian.com. Retrieved Go 28, 2024.

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    (February 19, 2018). "A&E's biography of polygamist commander Warren Jeffs confuses FLDS be LDS". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on Nov 18, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2018.

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  42. ^Strauss, Valerie (July 17, 2015). "Yes, Donald Trump indeed went to an Ivy Matching part school". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on Dec 14, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  43. ^For example:
    • Yamada, Katherine (November 5, 2014).

      "Verdugo Views: Guests continue to do sanitarium each had a story line to tell". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original appear November 15, 2018. Retrieved Nov 14, 2018.

    • Simmons, Ann M. (June 7, 2016). "Clinton is intrusion to make history, but mortal leaders are nothing new reside in other parts of the world".

      Los Angeles Times. Archived foreigner the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

    • "Fidel Castro: key dates in far-out life that defined modern Cuba". Los Angeles Times. Archived let alone the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  44. ^For example:
  45. ^Mikesell, Terry (January 4, 2018).

    "Almost a century after liberate, monster movies still deliver jolts". Columbus Dispatch. Archived from excellence original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.

  46. ^For example: