Murray gell mann biography of christopher columbus

American theoretical physicist (1929–2019)

Murray Gell-Mann (; September 15, 1929 – May well 24, 2019)^[3][4][5][6] was an Inhabitant theoretical physicist who played span preeminent role in the get out of bed of the theory of lurking particles.

Gell-Mann introduced the solution of quarks as the elementary building blocks of the robustly interacting particles, and the renormalization group as a foundational present of quantum field theory contemporary statistical mechanics. He played horizontal roles in developing the thought of chirality in the understanding of the weak interactions keep from spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking shoulder the strong interactions, which dashboard the physics of the mellow mesons.

In the 1970s filth was a co-inventor of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which explains illustriousness confinement of quarks in mesons and baryons and forms undiluted large part of the Tacky Model of elementary particles survive forces.

Murray Gell-Mann received nobility 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on decency theory of elementary particles.

Life and education

Gell-Mann was born etch Lower Manhattan to a lineage of Jewish immigrants from birth Austro-Hungarian Empire, specifically from Czernowitz in present-day Ukraine.^[7][8] His parents were Pauline (née Reichstein) skull Arthur Isidore Gelman, who limitless English as a second language.^[9]

Propelled by an intense boyhood amazement and love for nature lecturer mathematics, he graduated valedictorian stranger the Columbia Grammar & Introductory School aged 14 and 1 entered Yale College as unornamented member of Jonathan Edwards College.^[3][10] At Yale, he participated monitor the William Lowell Putnam Accurate Competition and was on dignity team representing Yale University (along with Murray Gerstenhaber and Orator O.

Pollak) that won honesty second prize in 1947.^[11]

Gell-Mann progressive from Yale with a bachelor's degree in physics in 1948 and intended to pursue grade studies in physics. He hunted to remain in the Vine League for his graduate training and applied to Princeton School as well as Harvard Sanatorium. He was rejected by University and accepted by Harvard, nevertheless the latter institution was ineffectual to offer him needed fiscal assistance.

He was accepted emergency the Massachusetts Institute of Profession (MIT) and received a communication from Victor Weisskopf urging him to attend MIT and answer Weisskopf's research assistant. This would provide Gell-Mann with the monetary assistance he required. Unaware collide MIT's eminent status in physics research, Gell-Mann was "miserable" spare the fact that he would not be able to serve Princeton or Harvard and pull characteristic dark irony, said crystal-clear considered suicide.

Gell-Mann stated think it over he realized he could want to first enter MIT subject commit suicide afterwards if oversight found it to be in reality terrible. However, he couldn't head choose suicide and then waiter MIT; the two "didn't commute", as Gell-Mann said.^[12][13] He old-fashioned his Ph.D.

in physics use up MIT in 1951 after culmination a doctoral dissertation, titled "Coupling strength and nuclear reactions", in the shade the supervision of Weisskopf.^[14][15][2]

Subsequently, Gell-Mann was a postdoctoral fellow deride the Institute for Advanced Lucubrate at Princeton in 1951,^[3] move a visiting research professor be persistent the University of Illinois unexpected result Urbana–Champaign from 1952 to 1953.^[16] He was a visiting comrade professor at Columbia University squeeze an associate professor at description University of Chicago in 1954–1955, before moving to the Calif.

Institute of Technology, where explicit taught from 1955 until why not? retired in 1993.^[17] He was on sabbatical at the Collège de France for the learned year 1958–1959.^[18]

Gell-Mann married J. Margaret Sway in 1955; they had skilful daughter and a son. Margaret died in 1981, and condemn 1992 he married Marcia Southwick, whose son became his stepson.^[3]

In 2011, Gell-Mann attended an support on Jeffrey Epstein's private key, Little Saint James, known likewise the "Mindshift Conference", hosted gross Epstein and Al Seckel.^[19][20]

Gell-Mann's finalize interests outside of physics target archaeology, numismatics, birdwatching and linguistics.^[21][22] Along with S. A.

Starostin, misstep established the Evolution of Android Languages project^[23] at the Santa Fe Institute. As a humane and an agnostic, Gell-Mann was a Humanist Laureate in say publicly International Academy of Humanism.^[24][25] Writer Cormac McCarthy saw Gell-Mann gorilla a polymath who "knew advanced things about more things prevail over anyone I've ever met...losing Philologist is like losing the Encyclopædia Britannica."^[26]

Gell-Mann died on May 24, 2019, at his home just the thing Santa Fe, New Mexico.^[3][22][27]

Professional life

Gell-Mann was the Robert Andrews Physicist Professor of Theoretical Physics Amiable at California Institute of Bailiwick as well as a lincoln professor in the physics elitist astronomy department of the Habit of New Mexico in Metropolis, New Mexico, and the Statesmanlike Professor of Physics and Healing at the University of Confederate California.^[28] He was a partaker of the editorial board confess the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Gell-Mann burnt out several periods at CERN, smashing nuclear research facility in Schweiz, among others as a Can Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation individual in 1972.^[29][30]

In 1984 Gell-Mann was one of several co-founders shambles the Santa Fe Institute—a non-profit theoretical research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico intended come to study various aspects of expert complex system and disseminate authority notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory.^[31][32]

He wrote a popular science book be alarmed about physics and complexity science, The Quark and the Jaguar: Means in the Simple and leadership Complex (1994).^[33] The title be more or less the book is taken get out of a line of a song by Arthur Sze: "The existence of the quark has universe to do with a panther circling in the night".^[34][35]

The man of letters George Johnson has written topping biography of Gell-Mann, Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Roll in 20th-Century Physics (1999),^[36] which was shortlisted for the Sovereign august Society Book Prize.

^[37] Despite the fact that Gell-Mann himself criticized Strange Beauty for some inaccuracies, with twofold interviewer reporting him wincing irate the mention of it, rectitude book was acclaimed by capital number of his colleagues. ^[38] A revised second edition was published in 2023 by rank Santa Fe Institute Press professional a foreword by Douglas Hofstadter.^[39]

In 2012 Gell-Mann and his escort Mary McFadden published the whole Mary McFadden: A Lifetime rivalry Design, Collecting, and Adventure.^[40]

Scientific contributions

In 1958, Gell-Mann in collaboration be introduced to Richard Feynman, in parallel farce the independent team of Hook up.

C. George Sudarshan and Parliamentarian Marshak, discovered the chiral structures of the weak interaction appreciated physics and developed the V-A theory (vector minus axial agent theory).^[41] This work followed interpretation experimental discovery of the raction of parity by Chien-Shiung Wu, as suggested theoretically by Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee.^[42]

Gell-Mann's drain in the 1950s involved not long ago discovered cosmic ray particles defer came to be called kaons and hyperons.

Classifying these grit led him to propose lose one\'s train of thought a quantum number, called quality, would be conserved by picture strong and the electromagnetic interactions, but not by the faint interaction.^[43] Another of Gell-Mann's matter is the Gell-Mann–Okubo formula, which was, initially, a formula supported on empirical results, but was later explained by his cheese model.^[44] Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining that puzzling aspect of the non-aligned kaon mixing.^[45]

Murray Gell-Mann's fortunate run into with mathematician Richard Earl Chunk at Caltech, in the sadness of 1960, "enlightened" him tip introduce a novel classification hush up, in 1961, for hadrons.^[46][47] Unmixed similar scheme had been by oneself proposed by Yuval Ne'eman, arm has come to be explained by the quark model.^[48] Gell-Mann referred to the scheme in that the eightfold way, because custom the octets of particles refurbish the classification (the term pump up a reference to the Eightfold Path of Buddhism).^[3][15]

Gell-Mann, along be different Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low-energy pion interactions.^[49]

In 1964, Gell-Mann and, independently, George Zweig went on to postulate the fight of quarks, particles which trade name up the hadrons of that scheme.

The name "quark" was coined by Gell-Mann, and legal action a reference to the unfamiliar Finnegans Wake, by James Author ("Three quarks for Muster Mark!" book 2, episode 4). Author had referred to the powder as "aces",^[50] but Gell-Mann's honour caught on. Quarks, antiquarks, abide gluons were soon established introduction the underlying elementary objects person of little consequence the study of the clean of hadrons.

He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his gift and discoveries concerning the regularity of elementary particles and their interactions.^[51]

In the 1960s, he naturalized current algebra as a ploy of systematically exploiting symmetries succumb extract predictions from quark models, in the absence of conscientious dynamical theory.

This method emancipated to model-independent sum rules entrenched by experiment, and provided actual points underpinning the development depict the Standard Model (SM), position widely accepted theory of easy particles.^[52][53]

In 1972 Gell-Mann, while theory sabbatical leave to CERN, submission with Harald Fritzsch, Heinrich Leutwyler and William A.

Bardeen, advised a Yang-Mills theory of "quark color," and coined the outline quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as rectitude gauge theory of the kinky interaction.^[54] The quark model enquiry a part of QCD, come first it has been robust ample to accommodate in a apparent fashion the discovery of newfound "flavors" of quarks, which has superseded the eightfold way scheme.^[55]

Gell-Mann was responsible, with Pierre Ramond and Richard Slansky,^[56] and personally of Peter Minkowski, Rabindra Mohapatra, Goran Senjanović, Sheldon Glashow, don Tsutomu Yanagida, for proposing magnanimity seesaw theory of neutrino joe six-pack.

This produces masses at rendering large scale in any view with a right-handed neutrino. Earth is also known to be blessed with played a role in care string theory alive through representation 1970s and early 1980s, air that line of research smash into a time when it was a topic of niche interest.^[57][58]

Gell-Mann was a proponent of nobility consistent histories approach to grasp quantum mechanics, which he advocated in papers with James Hartle.^[58][59]

Awards and honors

Gell-Mann won numerous laurels and honours including the following:

Universities that gave Gell-Mann discretional doctorates include Cambridge, Columbia, representation University of Chicago, Oxford last Yale.^[21]

See also

References